This module gather everything which is related to line graphs. Right now, this amounts to the following functions :
line_graph() | Computes the line graph of a given graph |
is_line_graph() | Check whether a graph is a line graph |
root_graph() | Computes the root graph corresponding to the given graph |
Author:
Given a graph , the line graph
of
is the graph such that
The definition is extended to directed graphs. In this situation, there is an
arc in
if the destination of
is the origin of
.
For more information, see the Wikipedia page on line graphs.
A graph whose line graph is is called the root graph of
. The root
graph of a (connected) graph is unique ([Whitney32], [Harary69]), except when
, as both
and
are equal to
.
Here is how we can “see” by staring (very intently) at
:
A graph
is the line graph of
if there exists a collection
of subsets of
such that :
- Every
is a complete subgraph of
.
- Every
belongs to exactly two sets of the family
.
- Any two sets of
have at most one common elements
- For any edge
there exists a set of
containing both
and
.
In this family, each set
represent a vertex of
, and contains “the set of edges incident to
in
”. Two elements
have a nonempty intersection whenever
is an edge of
.
Hence, finding the root graph of
is the job of finding this collection of sets.
In particular, what we know for sure is that a maximal clique of size
or
in
corresponds to a vertex of degree
in
, whose incident
edges are the elements of
itself.
The main problem lies with maximal cliques of size 3, i.e. triangles. Those we have to split into two categories, even and odd triangles :
A triangleis said to be an odd triangle if there exists a vertex
incident to exactly one or all of
, and it is said to be even otherwise.
The very good point of this definition is that an inclusionwise maximal clique
which is an odd triangle will always correspond to a vertex of degree 3 in ,
while an even triangle could result from either a vertex of degree 3 in
or a
triangle in
. And in order to build the root graph we obviously have to
decide which.
Beineke proves in [Beineke70] that the collection of sets we are looking for can be easily found. Indeed it turns out that it is the union of :
There are actually four special cases to which the decomposition above does not apply, i.e. graphs containing an edge which belongs to exactly two even triangles. We deal with those independently.
This decomposition turns out to be very easy to implement :-)
Warning
Even though the root graph is NOT UNIQUE for the triangle, this method
returns (and not
) in this case. Pay very close attention
to that, for this answer is not theoretically correct : there is no unique
answer in this case, and we deal with it by returning one of the two
possible answers.
[Whitney32] | Congruent graphs and the connectivity of graphs, Whitney, American Journal of Mathematics, pages 150–168, 1932, available on JSTOR |
[Harary69] | Graph Theory, Harary, Addison-Wesley, 1969 |
[Beineke70] | Lowell Beineke, Characterizations of derived graphs, Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Vol. 9(2), pages 129-135, 1970 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9800(70)80019-9 |
Tests wether the graph is a line graph.
INPUT:
Todo
This method sequentially tests each of the forbidden subgraphs in order to know whether the graph is a line graph, which is a very slow method. It could eventually be replaced by root_graph() when this method will not require an exponential time to run on general graphs anymore (see its documentation for more information on this problem)... and if it can be improved to return negative certificates !
Note
This method wastes a bit of time when the input graph is not connected. If you have performance in mind, it is probably better to only feed it with connected graphs only.
See also
EXAMPLES:
A complete graph is always the line graph of a star:
sage: graphs.CompleteGraph(5).is_line_graph()
True
The Petersen Graph not being claw-free, it is not a line graph:
sage: graphs.PetersenGraph().is_line_graph()
False
This is indeed the subgraph returned:
sage: C = graphs.PetersenGraph().is_line_graph(certificate = True)[1]
sage: C.is_isomorphic(graphs.ClawGraph())
True
The house graph is a line graph:
sage: g = graphs.HouseGraph()
sage: g.is_line_graph()
True
But what is the graph whose line graph is the house ?:
sage: is_line, R, isom = g.is_line_graph(certificate = True)
sage: R.sparse6_string()
':DaHI~'
sage: R.show()
sage: isom
{0: (0, 1), 1: (0, 2), 2: (1, 3), 3: (2, 3), 4: (3, 4)}
TESTS:
Disconnected graphs:
sage: g = 2*graphs.CycleGraph(3)
sage: gl = g.line_graph().relabel(inplace = False)
sage: new_g = gl.is_line_graph(certificate = True)[1]
sage: g.line_graph().is_isomorphic(gl)
True
Returns the line graph of the (di)graph.
INPUT:
labels (boolean) – whether edge labels should be taken in consideration. If labels=True, the vertices of the line graph will be triples (u,v,label), and pairs of vertices otherwise.
This is set to True by default.
The line graph of an undirected graph G is an undirected graph H such that the vertices of H are the edges of G and two vertices e and f of H are adjacent if e and f share a common vertex in G. In other words, an edge in H represents a path of length 2 in G.
The line graph of a directed graph G is a directed graph H such that the vertices of H are the edges of G and two vertices e and f of H are adjacent if e and f share a common vertex in G and the terminal vertex of e is the initial vertex of f. In other words, an edge in H represents a (directed) path of length 2 in G.
Note
As a Graph object only accepts hashable objects as vertices (and as the vertices of the line graph are the edges of the graph), this code will fail if edge labels are not hashable. You can also set the argument labels=False to ignore labels.
See also
EXAMPLES:
sage: g = graphs.CompleteGraph(4)
sage: h = g.line_graph()
sage: h.vertices()
[(0, 1, None),
(0, 2, None),
(0, 3, None),
(1, 2, None),
(1, 3, None),
(2, 3, None)]
sage: h.am()
[0 1 1 1 1 0]
[1 0 1 1 0 1]
[1 1 0 0 1 1]
[1 1 0 0 1 1]
[1 0 1 1 0 1]
[0 1 1 1 1 0]
sage: h2 = g.line_graph(labels=False)
sage: h2.vertices()
[(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)]
sage: h2.am() == h.am()
True
sage: g = DiGraph([[1..4],lambda i,j: i<j])
sage: h = g.line_graph()
sage: h.vertices()
[(1, 2, None),
(1, 3, None),
(1, 4, None),
(2, 3, None),
(2, 4, None),
(3, 4, None)]
sage: h.edges()
[((1, 2, None), (2, 3, None), None),
((1, 2, None), (2, 4, None), None),
((1, 3, None), (3, 4, None), None),
((2, 3, None), (3, 4, None), None)]
Tests:
sage: g = graphs.KneserGraph(7,1)
sage: C = graphs.CompleteGraph(7)
sage: C.is_isomorphic(g)
True
sage: C.line_graph().is_isomorphic(g.line_graph())
True
Computes the root graph corresponding to the given graph
See the documentation of sage.graphs.line_graph to know how it works.
INPUT:
Note
It is best to use this code through is_line_graph(), which first checks that the graph is indeed a line graph, and deals with the disconnected case. But if you are sure of yourself, dig in !
Warning
TESTS:
All connected graphs on 6 vertices:
sage: from sage.graphs.line_graph import root_graph
sage: def test(g):
... gl = g.line_graph(labels = False)
... d=root_graph(gl)
sage: for i,g in enumerate(graphs(6)): # long time
... if not g.is_connected(): # long time
... continue # long time
... test(g) # long time
Non line-graphs:
sage: root_graph(graphs.PetersenGraph())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: This graph is not a line graph !
Small corner-cases:
sage: from sage.graphs.line_graph import root_graph
sage: root_graph(graphs.CompleteGraph(3))
(Complete bipartite graph: Graph on 4 vertices, {0: (0, 1), 1: (0, 2), 2: (0, 3)})
sage: root_graph(graphs.OctahedralGraph())
(Complete graph: Graph on 4 vertices, {0: (0, 1), 1: (0, 2), 2: (0, 3), 3: (1, 2), 4: (1, 3), 5: (2, 3)})
sage: root_graph(graphs.DiamondGraph())
(Graph on 4 vertices, {0: (0, 3), 1: (0, 1), 2: (0, 2), 3: (1, 2)})
sage: root_graph(graphs.WheelGraph(5))
(Diamond Graph: Graph on 4 vertices, {0: (1, 2), 1: (0, 1), 2: (0, 2), 3: (2, 3), 4: (1, 3)})